Controversial Conservation at Zakynthos
By Lily Venizelos and Prue Robinson
Eastern end of Laganas Bay. Umbrellas and chairs left in the sand overnight can become obstacles that deter sea turtles from nesting. © ARCHELON
Sea turtle tracks on an umbrella-lined tourist beach in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos. © ARCHELON
Greece hosts approximately 60 percent of all loggerheads nests in the Mediterranean. Forty-two percent of these are laid across a 5.5-kilometer stretch of six beaches along Laganas Bay on the island of Zakynthos. This is the largest known nesting density in the Mediterranean.
Despite diverse attempts to protect the bay since 1984, coastal development continues to increase, largely due to local resistance, mass-tourism development, and non-implementation of local, national, and European Commission (EC) environmental legislation. In the absence of enforcement of local and national urban planning, smallscale illegal buildings, walls, and roads have increasingly encroached on Zakynthos’ once-pristine nesting beach of Daphni.
In 2000, the EC filed a case against Greece at the European Court of Justice for non-implementation of EC legislation that requires the establishment of a system of strict protection for sea turtles. This legal move became a catalyst for the formation of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ)—a major breakthrough in resolving the situation. Lack of financial support from the government led to the park’s closure between December 2004 and June 2005, incurring a final written warning from the EC threatening multimillion-Euro fines.
The park’s management agency was reestablished toward the end of the 2005 nesting season under a new managing president who received full government support. During the 2006 nesting season, most beaches were properly guarded and cleared of rubbish, and information services such as educational signage were improved.
These positive changes, however, have been overshadowed by the NMPZ president’s decision to instigate and supervise the construction of further roads and development on Daphni nesting beach. Such illegal activity sets a dangerous precedent for conservation of other protected areas in Greece. Unless immediate steps are taken to establish long-term management objectives and to uphold existing national and international legislation, the future of this critical nesting area remains in jeopardy.
This article originally appeared in SWOT Report, vol. 2 (2007). Click here to download the entire article as a PDF.